Mood Disorder

Definition

Mood disorders are mental health conditions that significantly influence a person's emotional state. Individuals diagnosed with mood disorders may experience a broad spectrum of emotional shifts, ranging from persistent sadness to episodes of intense excitement or irritability, known as mania.

Types of Mood Disorders

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), mood disorders are broadly categorized into two (bipolar and depressive disorders) major groups:

A. Bipolar Disorders: 

Bipolar I Disorder:

This is characterized by the presence of at least one manic episode. These episodes typically involve increased energy levels and heightened irritability, lasting for a minimum of one week and occurring nearly every day. While depressive episodes are commonly experienced, they are not essential for diagnosis.

Common symptoms during a manic episode may include:

  • Elevated energy and activity levels
  • Heightened irritability
  • Grandiose sense of self or inflated self-esteem
  • Reckless or impulsive behaviour
  • Delusions or hallucinations

Symptoms that may appear during a depressive episode include:

  • Frequent thoughts about death
  • Restlessness or agitation
  • Persistent fatigue

Bipolar II Disorder:

This type is defined by the occurrence of both hypomanic and depressive episodes. Unlike Bipolar I, a full manic episode is not a criterion for diagnosis. Hypomanic episodes are less severe, typically do not involve psychotic features (such as delusions or hallucinations), and must last for at least four consecutive days.

Hypomanic episode symptoms may include:

  • Rapid or racing thoughts
  • Inflated self-esteem or sense of grandiosity
  • Increased productivity or goal-directed behaviour
  • A strong urge to talk excessively

Depressive episode symptoms may include:

  • Difficulty sleeping (insomnia)
  • Loss of interest in daily activities
  • Persistent fatigue
  • Noticeable weight changes
  • Recurring thoughts of death

Cyclothymic Disorder: 

Cyclothymic Disorder is diagnosed when an individual experiences numerous periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms over a span of at least two years. However, the symptoms are not severe enough to meet the criteria for either Bipolar I or II Disorder.

Hypomanic symptoms may include:

  • Frequent and unpredictable mood changes
  • High energy accompanied by spontaneous behavior
  • Elevated sense of self or exaggerated self-worth

Depressive symptoms may include:

  • Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
  • Persistent thoughts about death
  • Social isolation
  • Difficulty sleeping

B. Depressive Disorders:

  1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): MDD is diagnosed when an individual experiences a consistently low mood for at least two weeks. It is a serious condition that can occur across all age groups and may carry a risk of suicide.
    Read the diagnostic criteria (DSM-5) on Major Depressive Disorder.
  2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD): This chronic form of depression involves symptoms that persist for a minimum of two years in adults.
    Read the diagnostic criteria (DSM-5) on Persistent Depressive Disorder.
  3. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): PMDD involves a cluster of emotional and behavioral symptoms that typically emerge in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and resolve with the onset or end of menstruation.
    Read the diagnostic criteria (DSM-5) on Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
  4. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD): DMDD is primarily diagnosed in children and is characterized by frequent temper outbursts and chronic irritability. Symptoms must be present for at least 12 months and occur at least three times a week. The diagnosis is typically made between ages 6 and 10.

Common symptoms include:

  • Ongoing irritability that interferes with daily functioning
  • Verbal or physical outbursts disproportionate to the situation
  • Persistently negative mood across most days

Causes

Several factors may contribute to the development of mood disorders, including:

  • Use of certain medications
  • Family history of mood-related conditions
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Past experiences of trauma
  • Presence of chronic physical illnesses

Treatment

1. Medications:

Doctors may prescribe antidepressants or anticonvulsants depending on the type and severity of the disorder.

  • Antidepressants: Commonly used to manage both depressive symptoms and bipolar-related mood disturbances.
  • Anticonvulsants: Originally developed for epilepsy, these medications have shown effectiveness in managing symptoms of bipolar disorder.

2. Psychotherapeutic Interventions

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is an evidence-based approach that helps individuals identify and alter unhelpful thought patterns. Therapists work with clients to develop practical strategies for managing mood symptoms and promoting healthier behaviors.
  • Family Therapy: This form of therapy involves the individual and their family members. It aims to improve communication, foster understanding of mood disorders, and strengthen family support systems during treatment.
  • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): DBT is a modified form of CBT that emphasizes coping strategies for managing emotional distress and enhancing interpersonal relationships. It provides individuals with tools to tolerate stress, regulate emotions, and build healthier social connections.

Conclusion: Adequate management of mood disorders is key to improving your emotional stability and quality of life. With the help of the right tools, you can take meaningful steps towards mental well-being.

Related Resources: If you are having trouble managing your emotions as a result of mood disorders, access these resources: 

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